KWIYAHURA , KUKI UMUNTU ATEKEREZA KWIYAHURA ? ABAHANGA MU MITEKEREREZE BABIVUGAHO IKI?

Kwiyahura ni ikibazo gikomeye cyugarije isi yose, kikaba kimwe mu bitera urupfu rwinshi rugaragara ku bantu bafite ibibazo byo mu mutwe, agahinda gakabije (depression), cyangwa ubuzima bwuzuyemo amakuba. Mu Kinyarwanda, “kwiyahura” bisobanura igikorwa umuntu akora agamije kurangiza ubuzima bwe, akenshi kubera kubura icyizere, ubufasha, cyangwa uburyo bwo guhagarika ububabare bukomeye bwo mu mutima.
Nubwo ari ikibazo kigaragara nk’icy’umuntu ku giti cye, abahanga mu by’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bagaragaza ko ari ikibazo cy’ubuzima rusange, gikeneye ubufatanye bw’abantu bose kugira ngo gikumirwe no kuvurwa.

Ibisobanuro byatanzwe n’abahanga ku kwiyahura

Abahanga batandukanye bagiye batanga ibisobanuro birambuye ku cyateza umuntu kwiyahura.
Dr. Edwin Shneidman,
umwe mu bashinze isomo ryitwa Suicidology (ubumenyi buvuga ku kwiyahura), asobanura kwiyahura nk’:
“Igikorwa giturutse ku bubabare bukomeye bwo mu mutima umuntu yumva adashobora kwihanganira.”
Uyu muhanga yemeza ko abantu biyahura kenshi baba bafite ikintu yise “psychache” — ni ukuvuga ububabare bw’umutima bukabije butagaragara inyuma, ariko butera umuntu kumva nta gisubizo kindi gisigaye uretse kurangiza ubuzima bwe.

Dr. Aaron T. Beck,

umushakashatsi w’inararibonye mu bijyanye na Cognitive Therapy, yemeza ko:
“Abatekereza kwiyahura baba bafite imitekerereze mibi (negative thinking patterns) ibabuza kubona uburyo bwo kubaho n’icyizere cy’ejo hazaza.”
Beck asobanura ko iyo umuntu afashijwe guhinduura iyo mitekerereze (mu buryo bwo kuvurwa hifashishijwe Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – CBT), ashobora kongera kubona ko ubuzima bufite agaciro kandi bukwiye gukomeza.
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (WHO)
riri mu bahanga bemeza ko:
“Kwiyahura ni ikibazo cy’ubuzima rusange gishobora gukumirwa igihe abantu bahawe ubufasha bukwiye, ubumenyi, n’urukundo.”
WHO isobanura kandi ko ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura bituruka ku mpamvu nyinshi: ibibazo by’ubukene, agahinda gakabije, ibibazo by’imibanire, ibikomere by’ubuzima, cyangwa kunywa ibiyobyabwenge. Ariko byose bishobora guhangangirwa igihe umuntu atabaye wenyine.

Uburyo abahanga batanga bwo guhangana n’ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura


Abahanga mu buzima bwo mu mutwe basaba abantu gufata kwiyahura nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko umuntu akeneye ubufasha, atari icyemezo kidashobora guhinduka. Dore uburyo butanu bw’ingenzi batanga bwo gufasha abantu bafite ibyo bitekerezo:

1.Kuganira no gushaka ubufasha

Umuntu ukomeje kwiyumvamo ibyo bitekerezo agomba kuganira n’umuntu yizeye: inshuti, umuryango, umupasiteri, cyangwa umujyanama w’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe.
Kuganira bituma umutwaro woroha kandi bigafasha umuntu kubona ko atari wenyine.

2. Gushaka ubufasha bwa kinyamwuga

Kuvugana n’abaganga b’inzobere mu buzima bwo mu mutwe (psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors) ni ngombwa. Abahanga bemeza ko kuvurwa hakoreshejwe therapy cyangwa imiti ihumuriza bishobora gufasha cyane.

3. Kwandika no kugaragaza amarangamutima

Abahanga nk’aba James Pennebaker bagaragaje ko kwandika ku byo umuntu anyuramo (expressive writing) bigabanya agahinda kandi bigatuma umuntu asubira mu buzima busanzwe.

4. Guhindura imitekerereze

Mu buryo bwa Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, umuntu yigishwa gusimbuza ibitekerezo bibi n’ibyiza. Urugero:
“Nta muntu unkunda” → “Hari abantu bashobora kumfasha nubwo ntarababona.”
“Ubuzima bwanjye nta gaciro bufite” → “Hari amahirwe menshi nshobora gukoresha kugira ngo mpindure ubuzima bwanjye.”
5. Gushyiraho gahunda y’ubutabazi bwihuse (Safety Plan)
Ni gahunda ifasha umuntu kumenya icyo yakora igihe wumva ibyiyumviro byo kwiyahura byiyongereye. Irimo:
• Amazina n’imibare y’abantu wahamagara vuba.
• Ahantu hizewe wajya igihe wumva bikomeye.
• Ibikorwa byagutera umutuzo (indirimbo, gusenga, gutembera, n’ibindi).

Inama z’ingirakamaro

Abahanga bose bahuriza ku kuba kwiyahura atari igisubizo, ahubwo ari ikimenyetso cy’uko umuntu akeneye kumvwa no gufashwa. Bemeza ko:
1. Kuganira bitabara ubuzima.
2. Urukundo n’ubufasha biruta amagambo menshi.
3. Ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bukwiye gufatwa nk’ingenzi nk’ubw’umubiri.
4. Guhugura abantu ku bijyanye n’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bigabanya kwiyahura mu muryango.

Umusozo
Mu gusoza, kwiyahura ni ikibazo cy’ubuzima bwo mu mutwe gikeneye gusobanurwa no kwitabwaho nk’ikibazo gikomeye ariko gikemuka. Abahanga bemeza ko umuntu wese ashobora kugira ibyiyumviro nk’ibyo mu gihe runaka cy’ubuzima, ariko kandi ko hari inzira nyinshi zo gukira: kuganira, gushaka ubufasha, no kwiyitaho.
Ubutumwa nyamukuru ni uko kwiyahura si iherezo ry’ubuzima, ahubwo ni ikimenyetso cy’uko ubuzima bukwiye gufashwa. Iyo umuntu ahabwa urukundo, kumvwa, n’ubufasha, ashobora kongera kubaho mu byishimo no gusubiza icyizere ejo hazaza.




By IRAFASHA Jean de Dieu Psychosocial Researcher