INCAMAKE KUBUSHAKASHATSI BWA ERIK ERIKSON KU BYICIRO BY’IMIKURIRE Y’UMWANA - DEEPLY RESEARCH IJD

Imikurire y’umwana ni inzira ndende inyuramo ibihe byinshi by’ingenzi bigena uko azaba ameze mu buzima bwe bwose. Abahanga batandukanye bagiye bayisesengura mu buryo butandukanye, ariko umwe mu bagize uruhare rukomeye cyane ni Erik Erikson, umupsychologue w’Umunyamerika ukomoka mu Budage. Erikson yazanye inyigisho yiswe “Psychosocial Development Theory” igaragaza ko imikurire y’umwana n’ubuzima bw’umuntu muri rusange bigizwe n’ibihe umunani (8), kandi buri gihe umuntu arwana hagati y’imbaraga ebyiri: ibyiza n’ibibi. Uko umuntu anyura muri ibyo byiciro neza cyangwa nabi, ni byo bigena imitekerereze n’imibanire ye mu buzima.

Icyiciro cya mbere:
“Trust vs. Mistrust”, gihuza imyaka kuva umwana avutse kugeza ku mezi 18. Ni igihe umwana yiga kwizera abamwitaho. Iyo ababyeyi bamwereka urukundo, umutekano n’ubwitaho, umwana akura yizera abandi; ariko iyo abura uwo mutekano, akura afite ubwoba no kutizerana n’abandi.


Icya Kabiri:
“Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt”, gihwanye n’imyaka 1½ kugeza kuri 3. Aha, umwana atangira kumenya gukora ibintu wenyine. Iyo ababyeyi bamureka akagerageza, yiga kwigenga; ariko iyo bamucyaha cyangwa bamukoza isoni, yigira isoni n’ibitinyiro.


Icya gatatu:
“Initiative vs. Guilt”, gihuza imyaka 3 kugeza kuri 5. Ni igihe umwana atangira kugira ibitekerezo n’ubushake bwo gukora ibintu bishya. Iyo ababyeyi bamushyigikira, yiga gufata iya mbere no kugira ikizere. Iyo bamubwira ko ibyo akora atari byo, atangira kugira ipfunwe.


Icyiciro cya kane:
“Industry vs. Inferiority” (imyaka 6–12), umwana yinjira mu mashuri akagerageza kwitwara neza no gukora ibyiza. Iyo atsindira hamwe n’abagenzi be, amenyera umuhate; ariko iyo ahora anengwa, atangira kumva ko ntacyo ashoboye.


Icya gatanu:
“Identity vs. Role Confusion”, kireba urubyiruko hagati y’imyaka 12–18. Umwana atangira gushaka kumenya uwo ari we n’icyo ashaka mu buzima. Iyo abona ubuyobozi bwiza n’ubufasha, amenya uwo ari we; ariko iyo abura icyerekezo, aribura kandi akiyoberanya.

Mu bindi byiciro bitatu bisigaye, Erikson yerekana uko umuntu akura akagera ku rwego rwo kubaka umubano (Intimacy vs. Isolation), gutanga umusanzu mu muryango (Generativity vs. Stagnation), no gusaza afite amahoro (Integrity vs. Despair). Aha yerekana ko uko umuntu yitwaye mu bwana bigira ingaruka ku mikurire ye yose kugeza mu busaza.


Umusozo
Mu bushakashatsi bwe, Erik Erikson agaragaza neza ko imikurire y’umwana idashingira gusa ku buryo umubiri we ukura, ahubwo ishingira cyane ku mibanire ye n’abandi. Uko umwana akiri muto afashwa kubaho mu rukundo, mu mutekano no mu bwisanzure, ni byo bimufasha gukura afite icyizere, ubupfura n’ubushobozi bwo kubana neza n’abandi. Ni yo mpamvu ababyeyi, abarimu n’abarezi muri rusange bakwiye gusobanukirwa n’ibi byiciro, kugira ngo bafashe abana guca muri buri cyiciro neza.
Erikson adusigiye isomo rikomeye ryo kumenya ko ubuzima bw’umwana ari urukurikirane rw’ibihe bigira isano hagati yabyo, kandi ko kumwitaho neza muri buri cyiciro ari ryo banga ryo kumubaka nk’umuntu wuzuye mu muryango no mu buzima.

Amazina y’Umwanditsi: Erik Erikson (1950)
Igitabo: Childhood and Society


Uwakoze Incamake: Jean de Dieu Irafasha

Psychosocial Researcher